well, this is someone certified amateur of footage from the scene appearing just showed munitions exploding in a facility. several gloss report to be shaken. yeah. area ukrainian troops on firefighters hot springs bolted at the scene, but there's been no comment for most go as of yet. regarding not russia has previously stated that it will targets any weapons delivered to ukraine from a boat. well, thanks very much for your company this hour. don't forget to head over to a website where you can stay up to date with all the latest developments. it's spotty. don't the look forward to talking to you all that technology should work for people. a

robot must obey the orders given by human beings, except we're so shorter is that conflict with the 1st law show alignment of the patient. we should be very careful about visual intelligence. the point obviously, is to place a trust rather than to the various jobs. i mean with the artificial intelligence we have some of the theme in the a robot must protect this phone existence with alexis. the . the metro is in some way off, our budget friendly, efficient,

an eco friendly transportation options for urban dwellers. but while the cost to rises, pay affordable, the investment required to build and to maintain a system is substantial. i'm christy i in today we're going to be talking about the heart of our urban infrastructure, the cost of metro systems. the metro systems are the lifeline. our city's society depends on facility and people to get around cities. and so boys can significantly improve people's average commute times. people can also spend much less on community owning and maintaining a vehicle cost an average of $9282.00 a year, which is significantly higher than paying for a simple transit pass. but the cost of building a subway system is asked or nominal. it can vary significantly depending on various factors, such as the city, the length of the system, the complexity of the route,

the number of stations, the type of technology use, and the local labor of materials cost. on average, the cost of building a new subway line can range from a $100000000.00 to several $1000000000.00 per mile. these costs typically include not only the construction of tunnels and the stations, but also the expenses related to land acquisitions, engineering design, equipment, and other associated costs. additionally, the costs can increase due to unforeseen challenges, such as encounter unexpected geological conditions. during tunneling, you have transit projects in paris and madrid, for example, that costs around a $160000000.00 and $320000000.00 per mile to build. but in contrast, the los angeles purple line clocked in at $800000000.00 per mile. and san francisco is cost around $920000000.00 per mile. even new york antiquated line cost $2600000000.00 per mile for the 2nd avenue line and $3500000000.00 per mile for the

east line. now a study found that the us spent an average of 50 percent more on a per my basis for tunnel transit systems than any other pure country. one big reason has to do with the failure to invest in transit infrastructure overtime. but another part is the red tape. there will be environmental reviews, land acquisitions, permitting processes and utility relocations. all of these processes and delays can balloon the overall cost of a project. americans also have a very divided political structure where every jurisdiction is at odds with one another, with varying agendas and priorities. but more important than that, the us lacks population density enough to justify the huge expense upfront. outside of new york, most us cities have extremely poor public transportation. it is used almost exclusively by the lower income cost. a while new york has the biggest metro system,

they're not very extensive outside of n y c. around 45 percent of americans have absolutely no access to public transit. much of the existing system is aging, and the transportation agencies lack sufficient funds to keep their existing systems in good working order and on time. this leads to a ridership decline as a system becomes increasingly unreliable. and now today we're joined by dr. allen, m some browse sky professor and director of the railroad engineering and safety program. so professor, what are the key components that contribute to the overall cost of constructing in metro system and how have these cost evolved over time? ok, the, let's talk about the t cost elements of a metro system. so 1st of all, you have the track. and depending on whether it's a heavy ram or a light system,

we'll have some major impacts on the cost and structures. heavy rail metro system will include underground tunnel some what we call subway, which had include fluid elevator structure, which would be the overhead structures. and to conclude as great, which is why the, on the ground, all my real trends is, are on or mostly as great. so the, you know, certainly was a really major elements of the cost of a i've, any metro system of any sort. is the construction of the track structure, and when i say the track structure, all the infrastructure stations, how power signaling. and again, if it's a, it's a heavy, real metro, we're talking about surgery, all power and all the electrical substations required for that power. if it's a light system, it's probably over in a chat, mary, and again,

the electrical substations necessary for that the actual signaling systems of the another major course elements, of course, is the roving stock of the actual cars that one on the, on the natural system. most natural systems, when you're building a new metro system, you're talking about maintenance facilities, which is basically for the cars will be basically moment shaft with a set of the largest source. that's sort of yours for the metro system and also have some basis mates ships, facility. so those would be sort of the major cost on have the going up in price. fanatically, absolutely. the cost of construction is going up quite significant.

number decades and how do factors such as geography, urban density and existing infrastructure impact the construction costs of a metro system in particular cities, most of those items make it more expense. so for example, if you're going to downtown in a major city and you told him that you have all sorts of things to avoid the care of constructing the building foundations, utilities. you have sewage systems, you have to put your system low enough that they can see that the construction process was to train operating vibrations do not affect the buildings involved or other facilities above. when nearby um you mentioned the jason, jason's infrastructure of this adjacent railway infrastructure. one of the problems

that i always run into is if you have an active, a real system, for example, a massive commuter rail system. metro system next to you. and you want to keep operating that could have a serious impact on your construction. the density of the location, again, is a major factor, but that also enters into the type of uh, transit system. and generally you'll be building light rail transit systems, which are you, which are usually cheaper, significantly cheaper you'll, you'll be looking down in less dense locations and very high density locations such as major cities. uh, you may be going know you're probably going underground or elevators with, with the city, you know, with the cab. the fact of course, over the i 3 search. if you out in world locations where you're building,

you're the community wines for the back end of the outside in the transit system, generally contracts construction force or less because you have less infrastructure that's already in place. in the morning, the structure you have to work around really and are there unique challenges or advantages that cities with different geographical and urban characteristics, phase one, building metro systems. so you, you, you have number one, you have to use the structure density, you to talk to that new york city is probably one of the most dense pieces of real estate around and, and the density you and your, when you, when you have very tall buildings, for example, sauce multi, you know, you skyscrapers usually have very deep foundations. and if you're building a subway to go underneath those now nations, you know, have to go do the type of supply with even more, you know,

kind of foundations, you, you have view raft ross play. so do you have problems with water, water seepage, water access, building via or add a new or a large body of water? you have to be careful that you're having issues into feeling your construction process. so you, you have the service is the structure parameters which includes density and type of buildings, including definitely the foundations, density of the buildings, existing infrastructure, building new york subway system. do you have to go more, you have to go deeper under the existence of the system. then you have geographic and environmental, and geological type of 4 parameters which also affect the toughest construct you're going to be building. you'll be constructing very differently if you've, if you,

if you're building rock as opposed to, you know, things to clay more or some are much softer, separated maybe more susceptible to water or water fix, which would reduce the very city of the age of the g. g. o g as in the logical structure. and now what role does public financing play into metro construction and how the series navigate the balance between public funding and private investments? well, again, if you, if you're dealing with metro systems, uh, they're almost all primarily funded by the, by one or more government agencies. depending on the structure, usually you'll have local, regional, state and federal contributing. so if you have, have you, if you had the, again, new york city, new york city,

you have the metropolitan transportation authority. you have new york state and you have some federal input as well. oh, there is something called public private partnerships. we call them p p piece, but they, we, they tend to be environment where there is some benefits that can be achieved. so the insight entity. so for example, if you're doing the station development as a station has the potential of having a lot of commercial really commercial space so that you have a lot of shops that can be rented out, generate significant income that might be, that might be a good object to the company, the private partnership, where you use somebody from the public, but then you can get some private partners who would be willing to put in some capital investment of their own. and in return for some, some stake and future revenue streams. they come down. i usually don't see that

so much on in, in the subways or light rails themselves. but again, you do see you start to see them and some of the as early as you mention miami. so you're probably already familiar with bright life. right. why isn't fast a private entity if, how much money public private partnerships is activities going on. so there there's a. ready case where there was a more much more active private car. in that case it was the size of the leader of that project. but in terms of how it transport themselves metro systems. i'm not aware of any kind of, you know, and metro systems us all that on any significant scale and maybe very tiny ones. but on any significant scale that they're all primarily ultimately

a funded public reconstruction of the ones in operated and maintained with public flux. thank you so much dr. as a bowsky, but please stick around. the professor allens around sky will stay with us right here after the break. and when we come back, what countries have the best metro system stated for all the details, the nights, and largest democracy votes the rest of the planet watches in an emerging multi polar world? india's voice matters, but who will be the power behind it? watches almost 1000000000 people decide and billions more, react the

while it's hard to say for sure, which country has the best metro system? the sol subway in south korea is certainly going to be at the top of the list in terms of price for the ticket accessability cleanliness, round the clock, service ventilation wifi connectivity capacity, and even safety. this is followed by the shea. hi metro in china. the tokyo metro and japan, mexico city, metro and the london underground. the lowest score lines where the parents metro, the beijing subway and the mosque out metro. while beijing who scored on the lower end of the scale, it tops the list that carrying over $38000000000.00 passengers each year and for carrying so many passengers, it is surprisingly clean. this is due to his regular maintenance and very strict regulations where there is no eating or drinking on board. the trains with strict penalties for littering. the new york subway is arguably the world's most challenging mass transit systems with the greatest number of stations business.

because unlike other underground systems in the world, which often considers as fedex, as part of their design, the new york subway was always built with efficiency in mind, and absolutely no urban planning. as the beginning of 19 o 4 through the 1933 separate subway companies competed with each other for land and building rights. so they had no interest to make it easy to use for their competitors. and many places, lines crossed over each other without connecting or pass within a block without doing so, make it extremely complicated and nonsensical for someone trying to decipher the system. less than 20 years ago, only 3 cities in china had someplace today. there are more than 16 metro lines and 25 cities, making the metro, accessible to almost 300000000 people. the speed and scale of development of china is rail system is unprecedented. it grew in part to ease overcrowding, but also the symbol of being a modern and international city. building new lines is

a handy way to boost the local g d p. because for every 100000000 r and be invested into a metro project, the city is g. d. p rises by 263000000 r and b and creates 8000 jobs. even cell construction is not cheap. while the hong call m t r. a corporation runs the most valuable metro railway in the world. in 2017 and bank $2200000000.00 and profit. it did this by carrying $6000000.00 computers on average per week day and has maintained consistent service at 99.9 percent reliability since $22008.00. m r t spare has grown by 8500000000 h k over 10 years. as passenger numbers has increased, it also has private public partnerships where the m r t cor builds commercial and residential properties of both new stations to fund the railway expansion. thus its

revenue stands from fairs, advertising and property development. and so for this and more or less bringing again professor and director of the railroad engineering and safety program, dr. allen's a brodsky. so now professor, are there specific examples of cities adopting novel construction methods to optimize costs and timelines? i think we've seen some of these going on in europe. i think, you know, the ones that underground just recently completed the, the elizabeth line, which was, which is one of the major the, one of the largest metro projects and a major city that we've run into while. and i know they introduced a whole bunch of innovative construction techniques that, that they failed to reduce the cost. the cost was no multi $1000000000.00. but let me help you do. uh you do see different construction core

technologies i've, i've see for example, in light rail construction use a user of the continuous forming machines where the main name almost passed in place a part of the, of the track structure as they, as they move along. and it continues as point at some point of view. and my understanding is that technique has, uh, has, has reviews of construction costs of the more traditional just digging build type of construction. so yes we, we, we do, we have certainly seen novel type leaks being introduced. and a lot of them tend to be more in the how do we improve workforce, how do we optimize the process? but a lot of them can be more significant. i know another, another thing we see in subways, particularly as

a large scale use of tunnel born sheets, which i have to say is by now is become whole the technology of as a new technology. but the p b, m 's or another child construction type, new city, see the use of here and be on construction. how did cities manage the operational costs of running and metro system and what strategies are employed to generate revenue? so when you're talking about what is the offering, the salaries of the people, the drivers of the trains, the people who plays a suite, as far as just keep the clean, the people who maintain the cars in the shop. these are, these are just sort of maintenance costs. the problem is, is, i don't know anybody in the united states any metro is assuming that states that pays a 100 percent of the maintenance cost as a paradox. and you know, the primary revenue for a metro system is a, as a, as the 0 bucks. now you're going to be creative. you can do advertising. um,

you know, we talked a little bit about commercialization stations. you know, if you go to new york city and you go down to penn station around central station hesitation is full of shops, you know, back to back to back shops and those around. so. so those, those supplements the, the, the, the operating costs, those can be used to offset the average cost. but like i said, i'm not aware of any us metro system that, that makes enough money from their box. and this will really income to pay a 100 percent of the operating costs. i understand the hong kong dollars. and there may be one or 2 internationally, but internationally this, or is the same. so unfortunately, or fortunately, whatever you want to say it's metro's or not self esteem. and they require the hands of the government. and that's not just the us, that's most parts of the world. you go to europe,

you see the same. you have the same situation. and that's sort of the nature of the beast. and you want a catch 22. if you try, keep raising stairs upstairs and stairs. at some point you drive away your customers. you know, you make it more expensive type so you know, so you maybe you can design, it'd be paying of charge. everybody $10.00 a trip. i can pay my maintenance costs except for the fact that you're ridership and how the foot now ends. and so you still lose. so a lot of a lot of the philosophy here is that this is, this is so i, you know, cost, we knew, you know, you have a major, see, you can bring cars and, you know, i grew up in new york city. i lived through a couple of that's with new york city transit strikes, where people try to drive into the city. uh, you know, where there was no metro. it's still you can't do that. new york city is run 6000000 people a day. you know, there's no way you can you, you can use it, run this and you shut it down. so there's the societal benefit and,

and so it and what we dealing with the real, real passenger transportation and all its aspects, high speed rail into city, rail, communal rail, transit systems. we always dealing with that societal aspect because these are by nature, not money making operations. they're almost always money losing operations. and so, but they have a benefit to society. the city which it down to city would not be the city. you know, miami would not be the same if you shut down metro new york city with absolutely happy to say we shut down the new trends and the story. and so we accept that. and we understand that there's gotta be across the society to pay for that. next thing, of course, that doesn't mean that we don't try to optimize revenue, you know, and it doesn't try something. you know, we don't try to minimize operating costs. but of course the safety issues there was

always cause issues there. so there's always so much you can cut, you know, without endangering the, the service or safety. so, so you, you run into a limit, you know, we ran into this problem with a pin that it, and that independent makes people stop writing the. so it's because of the concern . and all of a sudden the, the, the operating revenue was on every major transit system. 3 as a deficit's, instead of being maybe 10 or 20 percent became 30 or 40 percent. so that was and then as in many cases they shut down service dramatically. you know, i know washington, they shut down several lines as and it's, and it's a and it's a bad spiral effect. you know, that you do that. and unfortunately, we've recovered for the panoramic or something, but we're never going to be back to 100 percent because the nature of the, the nature of the trends of these are, you know, really the rail transit. these is that it does not make money. it's not, you know,

carrying people is not a money making proposition. and as a result, the company has the country has or the country, the city, the state, whatever the entities are, they have to make a decision that says we need to support the subsidy because it is good for the life of my city, all my life and my state for the life of my, of my geographical region. thank you so much for all your time today. dr. allen's about sky. the mag live trains are absolutely the future of long distance communicating. these magnetic propulsion trans can go up to 310 miles per hour, which is twice as fast as a conventional commuter train. they're also less expensive to operate and to maintain because of the absence of rolling friction, which means that the parts do not wear out quickly. but the greatest obstacle to the development of mag list systems is that they require entirely new infrastructure that cannot be integrated with existing railroads. they also require the use of where earth elements and construction which may be quite expensive to

recover and refine a while. there are 6 mag love trays and commercial operation around the world. today. it is unlikely that the us will ever get one as america is the land of personal vehicles and the auto industry. i'm christy. i thanks for watching and we'll see you right back here next time on the cost of everything the,

[000:00:00;00] the, i'm not sure come on this as they didn't show it, but this thing is by me asking that with me is the non smoker. and you might have stored in an empty monday, so stuff which didn't show up by a demo print that issue. and you're still, or do i have to wake up moment? but that's not i was made up of course the trailer span that we can partner. so i, this is a very good year. yeah, yeah for. 2 which is what i want to move over here, but as of now is particularly the group didn't come around quite inflate them over the place. crazy. it's nice. not aggressive. is it? absolutely. i'd rather have an issue

with the much just isn't good. give us any value of the story and i'm on the wrong. i'm not ready to feel understood where so when you are still at the trip with us, what do you mean by speeds? they're still going yes. sort of the, when i 1st moved to rush i, one of the most amazing things i found was to moscow metro. in fact, at the very 1st phrase that i ever learned and nothing was closing. so what makes this place so specially what secrets is of hiding to find out the

funds of the city with alexander pop off to the store and who studies the wonders of the moscow metro. the where they wanted to believe that the abrams tanks of the old stuff. well, that was until the 1st machines like this one up here, just outside the town of, of dave, come from the west to ukraine and all the way to moscow captured nato hardware is displayed in the russian capital where some foreign citizens had the chance to see how that governments of freedom spending bad taxes, their old, broken, burned, and destroyed. and these vehicles have no father to come to moscow except in such condition. panko now says it's joining with global effort that south africa stolen said the still patrol of teasing jones. and through