the first, but immediately aroused hostility to himself because of this mania of his to imitate prussia, because of the shameful end of the seven years’ war for russia, although, by the way, catherine had already withdrawn the troops from prussia, and peter ii wanted to fight with denmark for the holstein lands, and for this purpose he tried to withdraw the guards from russia on this danish campaign, the guards did not want to leave st. petersburg at all, much less on some kind of campaign for some kind of holstein, and there this uh...

tealy on the initiative of former close associates elizabeth adopted the famous manifesto about liberties of the nobility, according to which the nobles received the right not to serve, the most important, by the way, the most important document, which catherine would later develop into a charter granted to the nobility. the coup was planned, it was planned almost immediately with his accession to the throne, catherine had this in her head, that even under elizabeth, chancellor bestuzhev, so to speak, was testing the waters, but he was a little hasty, nevertheless. catherine did not abandon her plans, especially after peter spoiled her at a dinner in honor of the conclusion of peace insulted, she refused to drink his toast while standing, so he shouted a fool right across the table to her in front of foreigners, in front of the courtiers, and even wanted to arrest her, but he was dissuaded from this at the last moment, in general, peter ii was informed about the danger of a coup, he just didn’t take it seriously, he didn’t take a lot of things seriously, including this, when the coup began, first of all she supported it.

renunciation and wrote pitifully to her while already under arrest in robsha, your majesty, i also ask me, who fulfilled your will in everything, let me go to foreign lands, with those that i your majesty previously asked, i hope for your generosity that you will not leave me without food, faithful servant peter, this is how everything has changed, with the death of peter, in general, not everything is clear, there is a discussion , three letters from alexei orlov, brother, are known. ekaterina grigory

orlov, who wrote, verbatim, our freak is very ill, he was seized by an unexpected colic, and i am afraid that he will not die tonight, i am more afraid that he will not come to life, about the third letter, the second letter is similar spirit, the third letter, the famous one with the message about the death of peter, mother, he is no longer in the world, but no one thought of this, and how can we think of raising our hands against the sovereign, but the sovereign’s misfortune happened, we were... before we had time to separate him, no longer exists. there is a version that he died naturally, but this is only one of the versions. fashionable verdict, new season. and i am with you, lilia rakh. tomorrow on the first. this city was literally and figuratively reborn from the ashes, because during the war rzhe was almost completely wiped off the face of the earth. this is exactly what i sound like. yes, it looks like there’s something in this place,

oops, in the partisan detachments there were pigeons, scouts, demolitionists walked around with pigeons, but why with pigeons, suddenly the walkie-talkie came out in formation, you will now need to stand in the correct stance, your hands made it like this little house, that's where this expression comes from, i'm in the little house, i'm in the little house, guys, i'm in the little house, that's it, one of the main symbols of the city, rzhev, the red boots of prince vladimir, one boot you make, the second boot you make... the life of yours premiere on may 5th on the first and we continue our historical podcast, today our topic is catherine ii. there’s an interesting point here, she didn’t just learn the russian language well, she spoke it brilliantly, spoke this language brilliantly and... and at that time she became one of the leading

writers and wrote, whatever she wrote, plays, articles and fairy tales, and parables and so on and... it’s interesting that even in these fairy tales and parables there is an element of this catherine’s philosophy. in this regard, she was, well, in my opinion, she was a successor, in this case , of the views of peter the great, because she on the one hand, it was believed that yes, we should adopt from foreigners from the west what is needed, but exactly what is needed. philosophy, yes, it must be said that catherine, at the end of her life she herself admitted this, that in general she was not an original thinker, if you look at her notes written a year before her accession to the throne, we will see there absolutely, one might say, utopian , an ideal picture, she writes there that she wants

to do only good on the throne, that she wants to eradicate despotism in russia, she wants to free the serfs from...

document, because there were many political science developments there that had not even been used in the west. the people who were gathered, and there were 564 deputies from all over the country, well, not counting the serfs, naturally, they received guarantees

of immunity so that they could freely express their opinions, and for life. the only thought that still underlay this document was autocracy, the inviolability of autocracy , the inviolability of autocracy, but there may be real results from working on this didn’t bring it to the codes, catherine received that real picture of russia. it is clear that catherine’s reforms, subsequent reforms, were built on the knowledge that she received while working with the established commission, but of course they were carried out at the expense of strengthening. the reason for the termination of the commission's work were soldiers, wars with turkey, and then, of course, the pugachev uprising. and in connection with pugachev, of course, a special

problem arises. the uprising scared catherine, the uprising scared the russian nobility. and, if we remember when pushkin tried to write, yes, he wrote history. as one of the key ones in the history of the 15th century, and pushkin had, of course, a very serious historical sense, and this event shocked russia, and became, on the one hand, a reason for further reforms, on the other hand, of course, a reason to tighten the screws and carefully abandon many of her educational ideas. the topic of pugachev and the uprising is a separate topic, but i would note - still, well, just briefly, literally in a nutshell, well, the fact that he is a rebel... it is undeniable that first the pugachites drowned in blood, so

to speak, a lot of landowners, then the landowners drowned in blood a lot of rebels, this is a fact, and this is a terrible story, but it’s also interesting, what exactly, what goals did pugachev pursue and well, yes, at first, strictly speaking, the idea was simple, to loot more and then go to turkey with this loot, let’s say, but then another geography and other intentions appeared, this is very interesting, because the idea had already arisen to go to the capital to st. petersburg, so if we summarize some separate manifestos, because there is no separate general document, but there were a lot of manifestos that he distributed,

history gives this as an example, that she works a lot, how wonderfully she scribbles and scratches, again such pseudo-samaronia, manifestos, decrees , and this is such self-promotion, she, of course, expected praise for her hard work, it was real hard work, and even before coming to the throne, she studied european encyclopedias, studied multi-volume historical works, to herself drew up the framework, check she was certainly hardworking, but really...

so to speak, or first of all, perhaps, as an initial impulse, thanks to catherine the great. this is a historical podcast

russia-west on the swing of history. today we are talking about catherine the great. we have already mentioned that she corresponded with many french thinkers and so on , and diderot, let’s say, yes, here we remembered diderot, i must say that she demonstrated. approach to everything, she listened to it all attentively, sometimes i even rewarded these various french figures for some advice and thoughts. but at the same time she was very careful diderot complained that many of his advice were wasted, so to speak, she listened, but did not act, although he gave her detailed advice on a number of not only political issues, he recommended to her how to raise foundlings , how to teach anatomy to young girls and

so on. catherine reacted to this very sensibly, in my opinion she told count segur that...

and that wart on her nose is no longer there, so suddenly the position of the borders is excellent, according to god, the turks border directly on us, therefore they should deal with us directly themselves, and not under the name of others, their every step here is visible from the kuban, and so on, navigation in the black sea is free, otherwise , if you please, reason that it is difficult for your ships to leave, and even more difficult to enter, he also cites the economic...

she stated: how little i consider an ally, that is, i count on an ally, so little do i respect the french thunder, or better said , zornitsy. it must be said that catherine’s plans to establish themselves on the black sea, as it were, blossomed after the victorious for russia kuchu of the karnage peace treaty, according to which russia itself received the black sea, access to the black sea, azov, the long-suffering azov, which changed hands many times, and the first lands in the crimea. just yenikale and kerch, but also the lands between the bug and the dnieper and so on, this treaty of 1774, it was then that rumyantsev shone in this war, it was then that the star of alexander vasilyevich suvorov rose, this treaty showed that catherine rightfully on the throne, this foreign policy success, of course, greatly strengthened her and to a large extent,

i think, saved her from the danger of a palace coup, because there were attempts at the beginning of her reign. the greek project, the actual destruction of the ottoman empire, then the ottoman empire, as the russian wars showed, is not the same as it was before, sometime back at the end of the 18th century, even under peter. and it was no coincidence that she named her grandson constantine and directly wrote that constantine should be on the throne, and

taught him greek, taught him the greek language, in general there was a project for the transformation of the balkans, the actual remnants of the ottoman empire, which was supposed to collapse and so on, but the main engine of this project was to become potemkin tauride, the tauride region itself. catherine had the only region, not a province, it was precisely the region that was organized thanks to him, but he died in 1791, and this project was pushed aside, of course, we remember potemkin from the potemkin villages in crimea, yes, which, well, this is a very muddy the story, in fact, the story is really murky, very murky, i’m not at all sure that there is truth there, because there are well-known sources where it all came from, rumors and the like, so this is one of the elements. information war of that time was against catherine, to cover, of course, the entire catherine era, you and i can’t, it’s not the right format, but besides, sometimes we

forget that catherine’s era is different stages, it was a brilliant beginning, excellent quite a continuation of catherine's maturity, and unfortunately, quite sad, so to speak, the end of the catherine era. because - here we have to remember such a corrupt, depraved court, and the fact that, well, the era of the famous catherine’s eagles is also a thing of the past, the army, especially the guard, so to speak, became completely different, and many experts, military men and so on believed that the guard, instead of being in the vanguard, or something, it... became such the weakest part of the russian army, so everything was, nevertheless, it is indisputable that the catherine era is such a golden age

of our history, and we can summarize, what of course, russia was lucky with the smart, educated catherine, no doubt, but how lucky was the prussian princess of a rather seedy family. with russia with its potential, because without this potential there would simply be no catherine the great. you are absolutely right that not everything was rosy in catherine’s reign, intolerance of criticism manifested itself in her, especially towards the end of her life, a penchant for intrigue, then the fight against russian enlightenment after the french revolution, yes, the fate of radishche and eternal. nevertheless, of course, catherine did a lot for russia, which is what we actually talked about today. it was a historical podcast, russia-west on the swing of history, they said. today about catherine the great, pyotr romanov and sergei solovyov were with you, it was a historical podcast. study history with us,

you can watch all episodes of the russian historical podcast west on the swing of history on the website of the first channel 1tv.ru. hello, my name is dmitry bak, we have another episode of a literary podcast: let them not talk, let them read. today we will talk about the wonderful russian prose writer, about one of the greatest russian prose writers, poets, and playwrights, critics, and professors of the 20th century, and maybe not only the 20th, you probably already guessed who we are talking about, we are talking about vladimir vladimirovich nabokov.

nabokov with wonderful guests, this is the head of the nabokov center of the institute of russian literature of the russian academy of sciences of the pushkin house, tatyana olegovna panomareva. hello, tatyana olegovna, i’m very glad to see you today, and journalist, literary critic, creativity researcher nabokova, igor dimyanovich kirienkov. hello, igor dimyanovich, if you allow me, i will simply call you igor. i think this would be appropriate. let's start with this quick question, here for you now, what is the most important thing about nabokov in his life, in his behavior, in his reputation, in his works, in

his intonation. well, if we talk about nabokov writers, then of course he is the creator of a new language of russian literature, after nabokov everyone began to write a little differently, because it’s already difficult to write like before after nabokov, so this seems to me the most important thing as writers, and if we talk on the side about the author nabukov, too, of course, then this is that he lived in a very difficult time, the most important thing is how he managed to overcome all those challenges, yes, that he had time for him. this historical time challenged him, most importantly, with language and overcoming time. igor, what about you? but for me, i really appreciate nabokov’s absolute independence of judgment, his freedom from other people’s canons, his willingness to create his own, and when he lived in europe, when he left for america, when he returned to europe, he was always on his own wavelength with his set of favorite authors, ideas about what literature should be and what it should not be, the second thing is his probably

mad... love, because when you read his biography, especially the second volume of boyd, when he already became the most famous author in the world, boyd, nabokov’s biographer, just in case , let’s explain, but you understand at what an insane pace he worked, he could financially afford to do nothing else, enjoy life, well, from some point on , not right away, together with that, every year he released a new book, original, translation, poetry, plays, prose, and this is very inspiring, let’s start, of course, from childhood, yes, that’s it...

and since he also started writing quite early and even managed to publish, as we know, two two collections of poems, yes, which of course no one particularly noticed, but at such a time it’s no wonder not to notice there, there are so many stars there, and everyone wrote poetry, he published them. at his own expense, of course, we don’t know what kind of writer he would have become if he had remained to live in russia and would have become, but of course, he was created by his time, his family, as we know, but still this is the 19th century, his two closest ancestors, his father and grandfather, are statesmen, yes, but they, yes, but still his father was a man of a different time, because he was right at the turn of the century, his father, who, of course, a brilliant career in

the government was available, because he... could easily, probably, follow in the footsteps of his father, he was an excellent student in everything, both ministers, strictly speaking, of course, could have become a minister and, in general, because that he succeeded in everything, let’s say right away how he died, but suddenly it will have to be more, he died, he died, he died during an attack, an attempt on the life of pavel nikolaevich melyukov, who was not injured, a comrade, but at the same time a political opponent at that time, yes, and he was one of the few in this huge audience who came listen.

what kind of identity does this person have? he had a wonderful trilingual childhood, russian, french, english, i would say that on the side this is the generation of vladimir and his wife, this is essentially this circle of tolstoy’s heroes in kalinin’s van, the anglicized st. petersburg aristocracy, not pierre and marie, but steve, dolly, of course, the love of tennis, the most advanced hygiene, with what pleasure he sideways describes shopping in st. petersburg

on purpose. sounds, look how you think, or how, as far as you know, this is how nabukov was perceived by this man, look how he was perceived, whether as a russian writer or not, i had the opportunity to hear, well, a very long time ago, in different countries, nabokov, yes, yes, yes, he is of course russian, but actually the only one who has converted entirely in english, well, brodsky wrote in english, of course, many, but still not to the same extent as nabokov, but while he lived in europe. and he wrote only in russian, of course, he was known only among the russian diaspora, yeah, no one for berlin, the newspaper rul, rul, then, yes, then modern notes, paris, everything, all the best magazines, everyone published him, of course, he was

recognized as one of the best writers, as they said then, the word is recognized as key, we will return to him in the younger generation, because of course, if bunin was the main one in the older generation generation, then nabokov gradually became the number one writer of the younger generation, but after the forced... flight from europe at the beginning of the war, the second world war, he gradually switched to english, but by the way, whether he remained russian or not, no, when he began to write in english, by the way, he did not stop writing in russian, but of course, no, as an american writer, of course, naturally, of course, already american, it also seems that he was able to enter the environment quite quickly due to his acquaintance with wilson the new yorker magazine, relatively speaking, publishes its texts immediately in english.

still, i’ll ask provocatively, point-blank, whether there is an essence here, whether there is another approach to non-russianness, besides football, boxing and so on, i won’t say chess, there was alekhine, a great chess player, although he was also an emigrant, but isn’t there everything here? some kind of distraction from russian issues, a russian writer, he wants to resolve the idea, like gogol, he wants to change russia, and so on, so... isn’t there some flawed moment here from the point of view view of the canonical image of the russian writer, who is about ethics and morality, and not about style. it seems to me that back in the berlin years, his critics were the first to write that this was somehow too alien to our traditions,

we don’t say that, we say that there were such opinions too, we don’t belittle it in any way, it seems to me , just if you read the correspondence of bunin’s generation there with zaitsev, with shmilyov, he is a complete stranger to zaitsev and shmilyov, he is definitely a stranger, but for... books, yes, i agree, but here’s the reader’s opinion about snabbism, but on the side this word, it’s still, it seems to me, it’s based on these on late novels on late interviews, with writers, yes, i agree, with him, with his circle of writers, or rather not with friends , everything -yes, but rather his, but rather his writers’ enemies, because that’s all, it’s like these writers, who are all basically his rivals, not friends, yes, that’s why the duel, they spoke very poorly of each other , what?

resolve, but nevertheless there is a lot of passion, and here it’s more likely not snabbism, but some kind of detachment, one might say, not a chill, a kind of chill, you know, i don’t feel this as a reader. in general, it’s a little bit virtual, yes, because, well, i don’t know, but he, too, like others, did not

try to take root in this society, he never tried to obtain, say, citizenship of another country, he did not try to become german or whatever, well, no, he became american, it’s also forced to move rather, it’s forced, yes, he didn’t try to go to america, his homeland, this bone is yours, it just amazed me, yes, but the execution famous, which, well, what can i say, of course. creative acceleration, he very quickly realized that he was interested in the narrative form in

the twenties, narrative, i translate into the language of our interlocutors, but let it be narrative, this allowed him to take the next step, that is, without this corpus of texts written by mashenka, and a huge number of poems, there wouldn’t be that wonderful one-sided strategist, one who knows how to construct a complex thought, somehow rhyme here, come back here, and it seems to me quite interesting his and poems of the late thirties. that is, he didn’t just leave with some body of text, then write. mashenka twenty-sixth, yes we have a year, yes, that is, this is the most beautiful novel, just a poem pale fire, pail fire, yes, of course, well, what can you say, i love poems by nabuk, but i really love, yes, i know , which is not all, but it seems to me that the most interesting thing here is that he suggested writing russian poetry, very traditional, without any, just... the ball rolled into my buddy's chest of drawers on the floor with a candle and

continued to write this until recent years life, while in english he wrote the most complex and, it must be said , very unloved by absolutely many, complex, complicated , even perhaps deliberately, novels in which this open emotion is no longer there, this warmth, which many lack, is missing, in poetry it is there, even in in the later poems, this is amazing, as if there was some kind of splitting of the writer into reality. a chill has appeared, there is no chill in the poems, and yes, a little has gone from the prose, yes, there i will reign or perish, foreigner, who did not have legal rights to the throne, accompanied by the orlovs, arrived at the barracks of the izmailovsky regiment. where she was declared an autocratic empress. during the 34 years of her

reign, catherine gained fame as a wise, fair ruler. she radically changed the country and, like peter i, received the epithet “great”. she fought victorious wars and annexed new lands to the empire, wrote laws and carried out reforms. he is 34, she is 10 years older, soon they will not talk about the darkness as the most influential person in russia, but even based on with male help, the empress always reserved the final decisions for herself. empire, catherine ii. may 4, on the first. potemkin was preparing the main surprise for the woman he loved, with his gaze.

on the first of may, we continue our conversation, we talk about vladimir nabokov, about his biography, about his books, and my interlocutors, today the head of the nabukov center of the institute of russian literature, the russian academy...

reads his collection of poems, rereads it, understands its significance, directly quotes himself, or rather, well, as if in a novel, we see these poems written by him, so he rises to the pinnacle of pride and thinks, thank you , fatherland, that’s it, his career is successful, you are recognized, he thinks, but then a miracle happens, because... we see how the poem is written before our eyes, imagine that we would have a text where pushkin would describe how he writes, i remember a wonderful moment or i erected a monument to myself that was not made by man, nabokov has all this, let’s listen to vladimir vladimirovich, i am still far from thirty, today it is recognized, recognized, thank you fatherland for the clean,

having sung it very close, a lyrical possibility flashed, he caught this three. “i thank you, fatherland, and for the pure and some kind of gift, you are like madness, tatata, the sound is recognized, i actually don’t need it now, life flared up from the rhyme, the rhyme itself disappeared, thank you russia for the pure, the second adjective, i didn’t have time to see in this flash, it’s a pity, happy, sleepless, winged, for the pure winged gift, he continues to write, caviar armor, winged caviar armor, where did this roman come from, calves and armor “no, no, everything flew away, i didn’t have time to hold it. , when he went to bed, just when his thoughts began to settle down for the night and his heart began to sink into the snow of sleep, he always experienced interruptions in falling asleep. fyodor konstantinovich risked repeating the unfinished poems to himself, just to enjoy them once again before his sleepy separation. he was weak, they twitched,

verses, twitched with greedy life, so that after a minute they took over him with goosebumps. ran down his skin, filled his head with a divine buzzing, when he turned on the light again, lit a cigarette, and lying supine, pulling the sheet up to his chin, feet, just like socrates antokolsky, the sculptor is meant, not the poet, then he surrendered to all the demands of inspiration, it was a conversation with thousands of interlocutors, from whom only one real one , after 3 hours of life-threatening inspiration of listening, he... finally found out everything to the last word, at parting , i tried in a low voice these good, warm, paired poems, they are opposite in meaning, he was proud that he was recognized by his fatherland, this is what happened, i thank you, fatherland, for the evil distance, i thank you, i am full of you,

unrecognized by you, myself i speak to myself, in conversation every night, the soul itself will not understand my madness. “is your music growing, we see how amazing poems appear, born of a completely opposite thought, and this can only be read from vladimir nabokov, well, let’s return to his russianness, not russianness, to his paradoxicality, he doesn’t like very many people, igor, well, bunin doesn’t like anyone, he’s irritated by everyone, and nabokov, my god, he doesn’t like dostoevsky there s’.